VOLCANO MONITORING

One of the most reliable and frequently employed methods of monitoring volcanoes and p________ eruptions is through the  measurement of local seismic disruptions. This is because impending volcanic eruptions frequently lead _____(시작하다) with minor earthquakes. As magma rises in the volcano, it must squeeze through a constricted chamber or series of chambers while under great pressure. The force will crack some of the rock or force rocks with pre-existing cracks to convulse, setting off tremors of varying frequencies. This seismic activity is relatively weak and occurs roughly ten kilometers beneath the volcano.  Q01 In order to detect such weak quakes, scientists must set up a network of seismometers around the volcano(= because the earthquakes that occur are not very s_______) in order to catch the slightest fluctuations(pl. 변동) in seismic activity that are usually a p________ to a  volcanic eruption. About four to eight seismometers are placed about twenty kilometers from one of the vents, and several more are placed on the volcano itself. All of these have to be close in order to catch the quakes, as a seismometer (being) placed too far away could not detect subtle s_______ in seismic activity. Fortunately, this method has been used so extensively that it is quite advanced, and scientists are experienced in detecting crucial seismic activity quickly, accurately, and in real time.

While seismic monitoring is the most widely used and trusted method of monitoring volcanoes, there are other technologies that allow scientists to observe landscape deformation, which usually a_____________ volcanic activity.   A   ① In addition to causing quakes, ② the increased magma flow will also make the volcano to swell / swell and to alter  / alter the surrounding landscape, particularly its evenness and elevation, ③ though these changes are eye / slight /  noticed /with /to be /  the naked / too.(=The increased magma flow t_________ neighboring areas in ways that are hard to d________, as well as causing quakes.)   B    Q05  Scientists use a variety of tools to observe such changes.   C   One major tool is the satellite. In particular, scientists use Global Positioning System (GPS)  satellites (to study a very detailed map of the earth’s surface, though GPS is not primarily used to study volcanoes.   D   Additionally, scientists have Interferometric(간섭계) Synthetic Aperture(구멍/구경)) Radar (InSAR) satellites. These satellites use radar to map out changes in the landscape and the development of deformations very accurately, detecting possible volcanic activity.

In addition to the deformations in the ground caused by volcanic activity,  Q03  scientists can measure chemical gaseous e_________.  Gauging(= M__________)  the emission of certain gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide is helpful. As magma rises to the surface, it will give off greater amounts of these two gases, so increased amounts around a volcanic area would be a good i_________ of increased activity. While it is possible to monitor such activity at a safe distance via satellite, weather can interfere with accurate readings. Therefore, the direct sampling of these emissions by people is a more accurate method, though this means having to get near an active vent to r________(만회하다/회복하다) the samples.(=Accurate readings of emissions can be  h_______ by bad weather.) This? is difficult because acidic gases like sulfur dioxide easily  dissolve in bodies of water, skewing precise measurements.  Carbon dioxide is less / more likely to vanish in such a manner, though, so it could be more helpful in p________ volcanic activity.

동의어 /유의어  impending = imminent  fluctuations = shifts

-to change something:	alter, adapt, adjust, amend, modify, revise, vary

-to change a system or organization: restructure, reorganize, reform

-to change something completely: transform, revolutionize

-to change facts or information, or change what someone has said:	twist, distort, misrepresent

-easily changed:	flexible, adaptable

-impossible to change:	fixed, final, irrevocable

어휘 |  impending 임박한    squeeze 비집고 들어가다    constricted 비좁은    pre-existing 기존의    convulse 진동하다    set off 유발하다 tremor 진동    frequency 진동수, 주파수    detect 감지하다    seismometer 지진계    prelude 전조, 징후    subtle 미묘한 extensively 광범위하게    real-time 실시간    accompany 동반하다    evenness 평편함    elevation 고도    satellite 인공위성 in particular 특히    primarily 주로    gaseous 가스의    sulfur dioxide 이산화황    interfere 방해하다    sampling 표본 추출 skew 왜곡하다    vanish 사라지다