ISAAC NEWTON

Q01 One of the most influential figures in modern history was Isaac Newton, a British scholar whose work led to  breakthroughs(=d         )  in many different sciences, including mathematics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. Surprisingly, for a man with mind/ a/ such/ brilliant , Newton performed below average in his school years. He was admitted to / admitted the prestigious Trinity College, but neglected classes to work on his own private studies. When the school closed because of an outbreak of the plague, Newton finally had the time he needed to develop his many theories in math and science. It is often said / often said that Newton made some of his most important discoveries within the year that followed, which is why it is called his annus mirabilis, or “year of miracles.” His discoveries were later recorded in his famous book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, often referred to ___ simply the Principia, widely considered the most important work of science in history.

The highlight of Newton’s book was his three laws of motion.  Q02  The first law explained the force of i________, stating that an object will remain either still or moving at a constant speed and direction until acted upon by another force. For example, a  satellite  moving through space will continue to move at a constant speed and direction unless it encounters an obstacle that a______ its speed and direction.(=> to illustrate how inertia d_________ the behavior of objects in m________)

According to the second law, acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass; hence, the greater the mass, the greater the amount of force is needed to move it. It proposes a direct / indirect relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, and a way to calculate the force acting on an object by m_________ the object’s mass by the rate ___ which its speed changes. (F=ma) In the third law, Newton states that every time a force acts on an object, that object also exerts an equal / unequal force in return. Take, for example, a man pushing a large rock up a hill: the man exerts force on the rock to move it, while the rock exerts an equal amount of force on the man’s muscles.

These three simple rules lay / laid the groundwork for another of  Newton’s most famous theories, that of gravitation, which also appears in the Principia. Newton theorized that  Q03(A),(C)  each body with mass attracts other bodies with mass, the attraction being stronger for greater masses and at shorter distances. (=It is s________ in objects with greater mass. It is a force exerted by all objects with m____.) This attraction is of course the force of gravity,  Q03(D)  and it is an illustration of his third law of motion, that every force creates an opposite and equal force.   A    Q03(B)  Newton applied this theory to an important problem of his day: why the planets move in  c__________ orbits.   B   Newton combined gravitation with his laws of motion to find the solution.  Q04  The moon orbits the Earth, he theorized, because it is held there by Earth’s gravity.   C   However, the force exerted back onto the Earth by the moon keeps it at a d________.   D

어휘 |  breakthrough 큰 발전, 약진    admit 입학시키다    prestigious 명문의, 명성 있는    neglect 소홀히 하다    outbreak (전쟁, 질병의) 발발 plague 전염병    inertia 관성    constant 일관된    encounter 만나다    obstacle 장애물    alter 바꾸다    mass 질량    calculate 계산하다    object 물체    multiply 곱하다    exert 힘을 가하다    groundwork 토대    theorize 이론화하다 attraction 인력, 끄는 힘    gravity 중력    illustration 실례, 설명    circular 원형의