SEEDS AND SPORES

There are several ways to categorize the many types of plants on Earth, but when it comes to reproduction, plants can generally be divided into two basic categories: those? which reproduce ___ means of seeds, and those which reproduce through the use of spores. Though they serve the same basic functions, the differences between these two reproductive units and the methods of reproduction they represent is many.(어색한 부분?)

The more familiar of the two categories is the seed-bearing plant. Seeds are basically small, enclosed units that contain an embryo of the parent plant. The embryo, an undeveloped version of the parent plant, is the most important component, as it can eventually grow into a new plant.  Q05(B)  All seeds feature certain protective structures to ensure the health of the embryo. For instance, ① it is usually protected by an outer c________ known as a seed coat, ② a layer of material that helps both to retain moisture in the seed and to keep it from becoming damaged by environmental factors. (= The seed coat protects the embryo from d_______ out and from becoming damaged by outside f_______.) Q02  Seeds also contain a source of food for the embryo to feed on as it develops.(= Seeds provide n_________ for the embryo.) This food is usually a c_____________of oils, starches, and proteins, which occupy / occupies the space between the embryo and the seed coat.

Seeds are considered the end stage in the process of reproduction in seed plants, having been preceded / preceded by other familiar processes such as pollination and flowering. All that remains is for the seeds to be spread, which may be accomplished with the help of wind, water, or even animals.  Q03   Q05(E)  Seed plants are the most advanced form of plant in evolutionary terms. For  this reason  , they often dominate their respective ecological niches, like forests and grasslands. Those few plants that still reproduce entirely asexually — without a partner — represent the most basic form. Between them lies / lie  an intermediate stage in the evolution of plants: the spore plant.

Spores are much simpler in their makeup than seeds, and are a common reproductive unit of bacteria and fungi in addition to plants.  Q04  One of the key differences between seeds and spores is that spores do not have the same support mechanisms, such as stored food resources or defensive coverings.(= They l______ a food source and a means of protection)  Q05(F)  So spores from plants are less able to survive in unfavorable conditions for long periods of time before growing into a full plant.(= less likely to s______ in a h_________ environment)  Q05(C)  As a rule(= In g__________), spores are released in large / small numbers as a way of giving them a better chance of growing to m____________.

Despite their many shortcomings, spores do have some advantages over / than seeds.  Q05(G)  Spores are extremely light compared / comparing to seeds, and can thus be dispersed more easily and over greater distances, even by light breezes.(= Spores can be spread over great distances due to w________) The most common type of spore plant is the fern, which releases spores from the underside of its leaves. Some species of fern may be said to b_______ the evolutionary gap between spore-producing plants and seed-producing plants. The presence of ferns dates back over 300 million years, and over the course of their long evolution, some have evolved into seed-bearing plants.

1. B, preceded by A ( A후에 B) = B follow A

⇒ B follows A ==>> A precedes B

A, followed by B( A 뒤이어 B) = A precede B

2.  retain = keep      occupy = take up     precede = antecede    respective = individual

niche = 1.1 niche : A niche in the market is a specific area of marketing which has its own               particular requirements, customers, and products.

2. Your niche is the job or activity which is exactly suitable for you.

unfavorable = disadvantageous    maturity = adulthood   shortcoming = fault

disperse = scatter

어휘 |  reproduction 번식    reproduce 번식하다    spore 포자    reproductive 번식하는    seed-bearing 종자를 맺는    embryo 배(胚) starch 탄수화물, 녹말    precede 먼저 일어나다    pollination 수분(작용)    flowering 개화, 꽃이 핌  nich 편안한 장소  respective 각각의 asexually 무성(無性)으로    fungus (pl. fungi) 진균, 균류    unfavorable 불리한    maturity 성체, 성숙기    shortcoming 단점 disperse 퍼지다, 흩어지다    breeze 미풍    fern 고사리    presence 존재