VIRUSES AND BACTERIA

Bacteria and viruses are often spoken of in similar terms, especially in regard to their ability to cause disease. However, beyond this common trait, the two differ in a number of important ways. For instance,  Q05(D)-1 bacteria are / is living organisms, and as such can survive independently of other living things.(=Single-celled organisms that can live __________)  Q05(A)  Viruses, on the other hand, are inactive unless they find their way into a living host, at which time they are able to grow and reproduce. (= cannot reproduce o_______ of a host)

One major difference between bacteria and viruses is their ___________. Bacteria are the simplest forms of life on Earth, but are rather complex in their makeup when compared /comparing to viruses. Like any cell,  Q01 a bacterium is surrounded by a protective wall, or membrane, that holds  its?  contents together.  05(C)  Inside the membrane is a bundle of DNA that carry / carries the bacterium’s genetic information. Viruses are similar in that(뜻은?) they also contain genes in the form of either DNA or RNA, though in far smaller quantities. In viruses, however, these materials are /but /in a thinner outer coating of proteins/ in a cell membrane / not /contained .

(이런 물질이 하나의 세포막 안에 포함되어 있는 것이 아니라, 단백질로 된 더 얇은 외피 안에 있다.)

Bacteria and viruses also differ greatly in their methods of _____________. Again, it is  Q05(D)-2  the bacterium’s status as a single-celled living organism that sets it apart from the virus. Bacteria reproduce asexually through cell division. ① Once they grow to a certain size, the DNA inside splits into two identical structures called progeny cells(자식세포), ② and slowly the cell breaks apart, with one group of DNA in each new cell. (=As the cell grows larger, it splits into two separate _________ cells,each with tha same ________ material as the original cell.) Reproduction of bacteria is limited, however, by the nutrients available in the environment. Viruses, on the other hand, cannot reproduce until they have latched onto a host. After a virus attaches itself to a host cell, the virus works its way into the cell through the membrane.  Q05(E)  As the virus’s protein shell dissolves, the genetic information in the virus is released into the cell where it can reproduce and spread.(= Reproduced by i___________ its genetic information into a cell)   Q03  Viruses will continue to reproduce rapidly until the host’s resources have been completely used up, at which time they will simply look for a new host. (= It can go on indefinitely if there is a l_____ host.)

A   Most types of bacteria are beneficial / harmful to humans, and not all viruses carry disease, but both can be beneficial / harmful when they disrupt the normal functions of the human body.  Q04  Diseases caused by viruses range from the common cold to HIV, and can be ______ temporary and relatively harmless or life-long and potentially deadly.   B   While there is no real _______ for viral diseases, vaccines and antiviral drugs can help.   C   Vaccines introduce a very small portion of the virus into the body, so that if a person does come in contact with the virus, he or she is already immune to its effects.   D   Antiviral drugs have only come into being in the last 20 years or so, and they work by halting the reproduction of the virus rather than killing it.  Q05(B)  Bacterial infections are far easier to treat; antibiotic drugs work with the immune system to quickly kill most infections. (= Can be ________ by antibiotic drugs)

composition = make-up

progeny = posterity

dissolve = melt

어휘 |  term 용어, 말    trait 특징    inactive 비활성의    host 숙주    reproduce 번식하다    composition 구성    make-up 구조 compared to ~에 비해서    protective 보호하는    membrane 세포막    bundle 묶음, 다발    gene 유전자    coating 외피 reproduction 번식    set apart 구별하다    asexually 무성생식으로, 성(性)과 관계없이    cell division 세포 분열    split 분열하다 identical 동일한    nutrient 영양소    latch onto ~에 붙어다니다    attach oneself to ~에 붙어다니다    dissolve 녹다    release 풀다    beneficial 이로운    disrupt 방해하다    harmless 해가 없는    potentially 잠재적으로    deadly 치명적인    viral 바이러스성의 antiviral 항바이러스성의    immune 면역된    halt 멈추다    antibiotic 항생물질의    immune system 면역 체계