CULTURE OF THE PUEBLO PEOPLES

In the southwestern region of the United States reside several tribes of Native Americans(도치구문) known as the Pueblo peoples, who derive their name from (=___________ name was derived from) the fact that their ancestors lived in pueblos that traditionally consisted mostly of houses   made from mud-bricks and straw.(→ received their name from their _______ of housing ) While they originally descended from a single ancestral group thousands of years ago, the Pueblo peoples gradually fragmented into different tribes, each with a distinct  culture. The cultures of these tribes were further altered  by  the Spanish , who took over the Pueblos’ territory in the seventeenth century and transformed Pueblo life in ways which can still be seen today. Despite the numerous developments throughout their long history, the Pueblo peoples have maintained many core features of their cultures, in particular their social structure and ceremonial practices. Recurring distinctions in both social structure and ceremonial practices allow researchers to _____ modern Pueblo peoples into two basic categories: the Western Pueblo and the Eastern Pueblo. The Western Pueblo tribes reside in the deserts of northern Arizona and western New Mexico.

The Western Pueblo tribes all feature a similar social organization based around the clan, the central(=b     ) social unit in these societies. These clans are large families that trace their ancestry through the mother’s side of the family. Upon marriage, a man will live with his wife’s mother, and the couple’s children belong to  their  mother’s clan.  There are  rigid(=   )  rules about whom(관?/의?) people can and cannot marry, as tribe members must marry outside of their particular clans.( = should marry memebers from _______ clans)  In this social structure, women own the farming property and have a good deal of social power(=i         ). All other organizations such as business in a tribe are owned and operated by individual clans.

Besides the organization of communities by clan membership, the other distinctive feature of the Western Pueblos is their set of ceremonial practices. While influenced by the introduction of Christianity, the Western Pueblo have retained most of their traditional religious practices, at the center of which lies(그 중심부에 ~가 있다) the kachina cult.   A   Originally, the kachina cult attempted to communicate with spirits that could bestow good fortune upon the tribe, particularly in the form of greater rainfall.   B This was important because farming in such arid regions is difficult, since adequate rainfall is rare(=sparse) and unpredictable.   C   The activities of the cult are an attempt to mitigate this?(힌트) and bring some level of stability. An important part of these ceremonies involves the men dressing up as(처럼) the spirits they pray to and playing the role of these characters.  D This practice is fundamental to the Western Pueblo peoples, as evidenced by the fact that many communities have myriad(=    )  places of worship.

The Eastern Pueblo, who are primarily located in the valley along the Rio Grande River in New Mexico, have different social structures and ceremonial practices from their western counterparts. First, the Eastern Pueblo do not strictly adhere to a clan system, so clans do not play as  critical(=       ) a social role as they do in the Western Pueblo society.  Lineage is usually traced along both the mother’s and father’s families, with members from both groups living among an extended family.(= T_____ ancestry through both the mother and the father)  Second, most Eastern Pueblos are divided into two moieties, or central social groups: the Summer People and the Winter People. These terms come from a traditional method of sharing power in the Eastern Pueblo societies:  the Summer People would rule for the six months of summer and the Winter People would rule for the six months of winter.(= Divided into Two groups that _______ turns ruling the tribe)   Q 08-1 To offset the political  discrepancy(=              ) such an arrangement could potentially cause,  the community also has numerous smaller groups that are in charge of hunting, medicine, ceremonial rituals, and other such activities. These secondary groups operate throughout the year and consist of  members from both moieties. This unites members of both moieties and limits the power of the ruling moiety, maintaining p______ between the two.

Ceremonial practices are also an important part of the Eastern Pueblo culture, though there are significant differences from those of the Western Pueblo. Individual Eastern Pueblo communities have far fewer / less places of worship than the Western Pueblo have. Furthermore, the kachina cults have little influence among the Eastern Pueblo, and in some communities  they  are not present at all. The ceremonies also differ in their focus. Due to their location, these tribes do not feel the need to focus primarily on w_______-centric ceremonies for assistance with growing crops. Instead, their ceremonies traditionally place more emphasis on activities that are considered more masculine, particularly  hunting, at least for part of the year (= for several _______). The various tribes emphasize different concerns, like hunting and farming, to different degrees and at different times(= a variety of occasion, depending on specific n______ and time) ,  a noticeable distinction from the singular focus of the Western Pueblo ceremonial practices.

1. 유의어 반의어

fragment = shatter distinct = different rigid = rigorous bestow = present, award arid = dry	myriad = numerous adhere = stick moiety = half discrepancy = disagreement masculine = male noticeable = conspicuous

어휘 |  tribe 부족 straw 짚 descend from ~의 자손이다 fragment 나뉘다, 분리되다    territory 영토 transform 변화시키다 practice 관행, 관습 recur 반복되다 distinction 차이점 clan 씨족  rigid 엄격한 property 소유지, 재산 distinctive 고유한 retain 유지하다  bestow 주다, 수여하다    fortune 행운    arid 메마른    adequate 충분한    unpredictable 예측할 수 없는 fundamental 중요한    counterpart 상대방    strictly 엄격하게    adhere to ~을 고수하다    lineage 혈통    moiety 반족(半族) offset 상쇄하다    discrepancy 차이    arrangement 제도    potentially 잠재적으로