CHARLEMAGNE AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Q02  By the fifth century A.D., the Roman Empire, once the largest and most powerful on Earth, had finally collapsed after years of fighting with Germanic tribes from the north of Europe. The  remnants(=r       ) of the once mighty Roman Empire lay to the east, in Constantinople, the royal seat of the Byzantine Empire. Meanwhile, in central and western Europe, a new superpower was rising to p__________: the Frankish kingdom, which included several of the independent Germanic tribes that had aided in the overthrow of the Western Roman Empire. Within 100 years of the Romans’ defeat, the Frankish kingdom expanded to include much of eastern and central Europe. Under their legendary king  Charlemagne, the Franks rose to such prominence in the region that a weakened Rome, now little more than (=         ) a religious center, would(의미?) appeal to them? (=       ) in an effort to reestablish the former glory of the Roman Empire.

Several factors led to (= result ____ ) the Franks, under Charlemagne, becoming the protectors of the Roman Empire. This honor was traditionally left to the Byzantines, but infighting among the ruling elites there / led to instability, and the Romans lost confidence in their ability to defend the Pope and the Catholic Church. At the same time, around 799 A.D., Pope Leo III was having trouble with his own country as well. The Roman nobles were intent (= f       ) upon taking his title, for the simple reason that Leo was of peasant birth.  Q03  They laid accusations of an array of crimes against the Pope in the hopes that at least one of  them(=      )  would lead to a conviction and force him from power(권좌에서 몰아내다). The tension led to a vicious physical attack on the Pope, in which rebels attempted to gouge out his eyes and cut off his tongue. Leo fled to Paderborn, a city within the Frankish kingdom, where he met Charlemagne for the first time.

Having accepted / Accepted (분사구문 시제) Christianity as the state religion some time back, the Franks gladly took the Pope in. Charlemagne resolved to help him, and called a meeting with his enemies to try to quell (= s       ) the violent opposition. When the talks fell apart, Charlemagne traveled to Rome in person(= himself-몸소), along with the Pope, to see that the uprising was stopped. ① He met again with supporters and opponents of the Pope to discuss the situation, but ② this time, he was able to sway(= p         ) the committee of friends and enemies to cease attacks on the Pope and ③ allow him to officially declare his innocence of all the charges     falsely brought against him by the nobles. His enemies were thus exiled, and Leo was pardoned.

While (_____    )still in Rome, Charlemagne attended Christmas Mass at the Vatican, at the Pope’s request. As he knelt down to pray, the Pope placed a crown on his head, officially making him Emperor of the Romans. For the Pope, the act served to thank Charlemagne for his defense and to increase the influence of the Catholic Church across the vast Frankish territory. Charlemagne, meanwhile, seized upon the opportunity to renew the Roman Empire under the rule of the Franks. This did not become official until two  centuries later, when a portion of the Frankish lands was renamed the Holy Roman Empire, an institution that would persist for nearly a thousand years.

defeat – a. 패배시키다  ex) He defeated the champion in three sets.

b. 패배 ex) The party faces defeat in the election.

c. 타도,타파 ex) the defeat of fascism

2.

remnants = remains overthrow = defeat confidence = reliance, trust intent = absorbed vicious = brutal	rebel = insurgent quell = suppress uprising = rebellion exile = banish pardon = exonerate

어휘 |  collapse 멸망하다    tribe 부족    mighty 강력한    superpower 초강대국    prominence 명성, 우위    overthrow 멸망 legendary 전설적인    appeal 애원하다, 호소하다    protector 수호자    traditionally 전통적으로    infighting 내분    instability 불안정 confidence 신뢰, 자신감    peasant 소작농, 농민    accusation 고발    conviction 유죄 판결    tension 긴장    vicious 잔악한, 악의적인 rebel 모반자, 반역자    gouge something out ~을 파내다    state religion 국교    fall apart 실패하다    quell 누그러뜨리다, 진압하다 uprising 반란    declare 선언하다    innocence 무죄    charge 혐의, 죄    exile 추방하다    pardon 사면하다    Mass 미사 kneel down 무릎을 꿇다    seize upon (기회 등을) 잡다    persist 지속하다